Q. In cyclic redundancy checking, the divisor is _______ the CRC.

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Q. A ___________ error means that two or more bits in the data unit have changed.

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Q. In ________ error correction, the receiver corrects errors without requesting re-transmission.

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Q. In ________ error correction, the receiver asks the sender to send the data again.

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Q. We can divide coding schemes into two broad categories: ________ and ______coding.

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Q. In modulo-2 arithmetic, __________ give the same results.

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Q. In modulo-2 arithmetic, we use the ______ operation for both addition and subtraction.

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Q. In _____ coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called ___.

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Q. We add r redundant bits to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are called _________.

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Q. The ________ between two words is the number of differences between corresponding bits.

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Q. To guarantee the detection of up to 5 errors in all cases, the minimum Hamming distance in a block code must be _______.

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Q. To guarantee correction of up to 5 errors in all cases, the minimum Hamming distance in a block code must be ________.

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Q. In a linear block code, the _______ of any two valid codewords creates another valid codeword.

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Q. A simple parity-check code can detect __________ errors.

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Q. _______codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. If a codeword is rotated, the result is another codeword.

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Q. The _____of errors is more difficult than the ______.

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Q. In modulo-11 arithmetic, we use only the integers in the range ______, inclusive.

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Q. In modulo-2 arithmetic, we use only ______.

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Q. Adding 1 and 1 in modulo-2 arithmetic results in _________.

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Q. In block coding, if k =2 and n =3, we have _______ invalid codewords.

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