Q. Shadow paging has

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Q. Immediate database modification technique uses

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Q. An operation is said to be __________ if executing it several times in a row gives the same result as executing it once.

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Q. To perform logical redo or undo, the database state on disk must be operation ___________ that is, it should not have partial effects of any operation.

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Q. Redo operations are performed exclusively using

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Q. Which of the following is used for undo operations alone ?

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Q. Once the lower-level lock is released, the operation cannot be undone by using the old values of updated data items, and must instead be undone by executing a compensating operation; such an operation is called

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Q. If only the primary is active, the transaction is allowed to commit as soon as its commit log record is written to stable storage at the primary site. This is

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Q. A transaction commits as soon as its commit log record is written to stable storage at the primary and the backup site.This is

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Q. A transaction commits as soon as its commit log record is written to stable storage at the primary site. This is

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Q. A _______________ configuration can make takeover by the backup site almost instantaneous.

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Q. The time to process the remote backup can be reduced by

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Q. The simplest way of transferring control is for the old primary to receive __________ from the old backup site.

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Q. When the __________ the backup site takes over processing and becomes the primary.

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Q. The backup is taken by

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Q. Remote backup system must be _________ with the primary site.

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Q. The remote backup site is sometimes also called the

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Q. Which lock should be obtained to prevent a concurrent transaction from executing a conflicting read, insert or delete operation on the same key value.

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Q. ______________ rolls back all transactions that were incomplete at the time of crash.

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Q. __________ starts from a position determined during analysis, and performs a redo, repeating history, to bring the database to a state it was in before the crash.

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