Q. _______ happens in any system that involves waiting.

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Q. Congestion in a network or internetwork occurs because routers and switches have _______.

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Q. In a network, when the load is much less than the capacity of the network, the delay is _________.

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Q. In a network, when the load reaches the network capacity, the delay _______.

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Q. In a network, when the load is below the capacity of the network, the throughput ______________.

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Q. In a network, after the load reaches the capacity, throughput _______.

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Q. In ________ congestion control, policies are applied to prevent congestion before it happens.

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Q. In _______ congestion control, mechanisms are used to alleviate congestion after it happens.

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Q. The technique of ________refers to a congestion control mechanism in which a congested node stops receiving data from the immediate upstream node or nodes.

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Q. A ___________ is a packet sent by a node to the source to inform it of congestion.

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Q. In __________, there is no communication between the congested node or nodes and the source. The source guesses that there is a congestion somewhere in the network from other symptoms.

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Q. In the __________ method, the signal is included in the packets that carry data.

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Q. In the ________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the congestion window increases exponentially until it reaches a threshold.

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Q. In the _________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the congestion window increases additively until congestion is detected.

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Q. In the ___________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the threshold is dropped to one-half, a multiplicative decrease.

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Q. In Frame Relay, the ________ bit warns the sender of congestion in the network.

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Q. In Frame Relay, the ________ bit is used to warn the receiver of congestion in the network.

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Q. Traditionally, ________types of characteristics are attributed to a flow.

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Q. _________ is a characteristic that a flow needs. Lack of it means losing a packet or acknowledgment, which entails retransmission.

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Q. _______ is a flow characteristic that applications can tolerate in different degrees.

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