Question

How is single-stepping implemented on IA-32 processors?

a.

By replacing the original instruction with an int 3 instruction

b.

By using the processor’s trap flag (TF) in the EFLAGS register

c.

By generating an interrupt after every instruction that is executed

d.

By freezing the program after each instruction

Posted under Reverse Engineering

Answer: (b).By using the processor’s trap flag (TF) in the EFLAGS register Explanation:Single-stepping is implemented on IA-32 processors using the processor’s trap flag (TF) in the EFLAGS register. When the trap flag is enabled, the processor generates an interrupt after every instruction that is executed. In this case, the interrupt is interrupt number 1, which is the single-step interrupt.

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