Q. The most common protocol for point-to-point access is the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is a _________protocol.

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Q. _______ control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.

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Q. _________control in the data link layer is based on automatic repeat request, which is the retransmission of data.

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Q. In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, we use sequence numbers to number the frames. The sequence numbers are based on __________arithmetic.

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Q. In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, the acknowledgment number always announces in ______ arithmetic the sequence number of the next frame expected.

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Q. In the Go-Back-N Protocol, if the size of the sequence number field is 8, the sequence numbers are in ________ arithmetic.

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Q. Stop-and-Wait ARQ is a special case of Go-Back-N ARQ in which the size of the send window is 1.

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Q. In _________, the station configuration is unbalanced. We have one primary station and multiple secondary stations.

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Q. In _________, the configuration is balanced. The link is point-to-point, and each station can function as a primary and a secondary.

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Q. In PPP, the ________ is responsible for establishing, maintaining, configuring, and terminating links.

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Q. In PPP, ________ is a simple authentication procedure with a two-step process.

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Q. In PPP, _______ is a three-way hand-shaking authentication protocol in which the password is kept secret; it is never sent online.

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Q. _______ is a standard developed by ANSI for fiber-optic networks.

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Q. _______ is a standard developed by ITU-T.

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Q. SONET has defined a hierarchy of signals called ________.

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Q. SDH has defined a hierarchy of signals called ________.

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Q. An ______ signal is the optical modulation of an STS-n (or STM-n) signal.

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Q. SONET defines _______ layers.

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Q. SONET is a _______ TDM system.

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Q. A SONET system can use _________.

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