Q. How does an insecure direct object reference differ from a directory traversal attack?

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Q. Why is it crucial for web applications to implement authorization checks, even if they retrieve information based on user-provided input?

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Q. What is the potential consequence of an insecure direct object reference vulnerability in a web application?

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Q. What is the key difference between local file inclusion attacks and remote file inclusion attacks?

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Q. How can an attacker execute arbitrary code in a file inclusion attack?

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Q. What is a common purpose of web shells in the context of file inclusion attacks?

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Q. How does a privilege escalation attack against a web application typically unfold?

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Q. What makes remote file inclusion attacks more dangerous than local file inclusion attacks?

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Q. In the context of web applications, what is the purpose of input validation to prevent cross-site scripting?

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Q. What is the primary risk associated with reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks?

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Q. How can an attacker trick a user into falling victim to a reflected XSS attack?

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Q. What is the recommended approach to preventing cross-site scripting in web applications?

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Q. Why is web application security challenging, especially in the context of complex ecosystems?

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Q. What distinguishes stored/persistent XSS attacks from reflected XSS attacks?

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Q. In the context of a message board, how does a stored XSS attack unfold?

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Q. How can a stored XSS attack be used to perform a more malicious action?

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Q. What is the primary objective of cross-site request forgery (CSRF/XSRF) attacks?

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Q. How do developers commonly protect web applications against XSRF attacks?

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Q. What distinguishes server-side request forgery (SSRF) attacks from cross-site request forgery (CSRF/XSRF) attacks?

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Q. In a clickjacking attack, what might an attacker display over a link to modify browser security settings?

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